Formation+of+Civil+Rights+Movement

The African-american community responded to the Jim Crow laws in divergent ways. The majority of Southern blacks, particularly those who supported the pacifist Booker T Washington, realised that they could get social, economic, and poltical redress for their greivances by relying solely on white goodwill. Many more substained the notion of dignity and racial pride through family role models. Others such as the advocates of W. E. B Dubois and Marcus Garvey, adopted a more militant stance and practised individual acts of 'day to day' resistance, or turned to radical organisations and faced violent repression.

(W. E. B. Dubois)

**HANDOUTS:**

Readings: Field R., 2002, Civil Rights in America 1865- 1980, Cambridge University Press, UK. Chapter 5 Early Black Protest pp. 58-69